Does cyclophosphamide cause cystitis?
Acute haemorrhagic cystitis is a troublesome complication of high dose cyclophosphamide administration. Bladder toxicity has been reported in 4-36 per cent of patients receiving this drug [1].
What is hemorrhagic cystitis cyclophosphamide?
Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent used intravenously or orally in the treatment of both malignant and nonneoplastic diseases. A known adverse effect of such treatment is hemorrhagic cystitis. A series of 100 patients with hemorrhagic cystitis induced by cyclophosphamide was studied.
Does cyclophosphamide cause bloody urine?
Blood in the urine warning: When cyclophosphamide is broken down by your body, it creates substances that irritate your kidneys and bladder. These substances can cause your kidneys or bladder to bleed. If you have blood in your urine and bladder pain, tell your doctor.
What is acrolein cyclophosphamide?
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that causes acute hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) [1]. A metabolite of CP, acrolein, is largely responsible, leading oncologists to concomitantly administer 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna), an orally-available drug that masks acrolein’s toxic effect.
How does acrolein cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
Acrolein causes a pyroptotic reaction in the bladder urothelium with ulceration and exposure of underlying muscularis mucosa and vasculature. Administration of Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium) before initiation of cyclophosphamide can prevent hemorrhagic cystitis by binding to and neutralizing acrolein.
Why is acrolein toxic to bladder?
Acrolein is excreted in the urine and irritates the bladder wall causing various adverse effects, from urinary frequency, urgency, pain and nocturia, through to haemorrhagic cystitis, which significantly impact on the quality of life of patients.
What chemotherapy causes hemorrhagic cystitis?
Chemotherapy — Various chemotherapeutic agents, including ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide, busulfan, doxorubicin, dacarbazine, fludarabine, and cabazitaxel, can cause either nonhemorrhagic or hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) (table 1).
How acrolein is produced from cyclophosphamide?
Cyclophosphamide is metabolized in the presence of cytochrome P450 to give two stable toxic compounds: acrolein (a highly electrophilic, α,β-unsaturated aldehyde) and phosphoramide mustard through the formation of two unstable transient intermediates, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide (Fig.
Which one of the following drugs produces acrolein that can cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
Urinary tract Hemorrhagic cystitis and bladder cancer are well-known complications of cyclophosphamide. The damage to the urinary bladder epithelium is caused by acrolein, a metabolite of cyclophosphamide that is excreted in the urine.
What is acrolein and cyclophosphamide?
How does acrolein causes hemorrhagic cystitis?
What medication causes hemorrhagic cystitis?
The most common pharmacologic causes of hemorrhagic cystitis are the oxazaphosphorine-alkylating agents cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Unfortunately, the toxicity of these drugs is not insignificant, and many of the adverse effects are urologic.