What type of cancer can aflatoxin cause?
Exposure to aflatoxins is associated with an increased risk of liver cancer.
Is aflatoxin lipid soluble?
The aflatoxins are soluble in a range of organic solvents such as chloroform, ethanol, methanol, and acetone, and insoluble in lipophylic solvents such as hexane, petroleum ether, and diethyl ether.
What is aflatoxin M1 in milk?
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and can be found in milk or milk products obtained from livestock that have ingested contaminated feed (Ardic et al., 2009). AFM1 has a potency approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of AFB1 (Prandini et al., 2009).
What aflatoxin means?
Listen to pronunciation. (A-fluh-TOK-sin) A harmful substance made by certain types of mold (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) that is often found on poorly stored grains and nuts. Consumption of foods contaminated with aflatoxin is a risk factor for primary liver cancer.
What are the types of aflatoxins?
There are more than 20 known aflatoxins, but the four main ones are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2; Inan et al., 2007), while aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and M2 (AFM2) are the hydroxylated metabolites of AFB1 and AFB2 (Giray et al., 2007; Hussain and Anwar, 2008).
How many types of aflatoxin are there?
four main types
Aflatoxins are produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are four main types of aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1 is the major toxin produced, and is regulated in the United States at 20 ppb in agricultural products that may be used in human food.
Is aflatoxin water soluble?
Physical and Chemical Properties of Aflatoxins They are slightly soluble in water (10-20µg/ml) and freely soluble in moderately polar solvents such as chloroform, menthol and dimethyl sulfoxide.
How is aflatoxin M1 and M2 formed?
Abstract. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites found in foods and feeds. When ruminants eat foodstuffs containing aflatoxins B(1) and B(2), these toxins are metabolized and excreted as aflatoxin M(1) and M(2) in milk.
How do you test aflatoxin in milk?
While these test strip techniques are handy in testing raw cow’s milk, the preferred methods for the analysis of aflatoxin in milk remain lab-based and include enzyme-lined immunosorbent assays (ELISA), fluorescence spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
What are the types of aflatoxin?
What are four major aflatoxins?
Aflatoxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are four major aflatoxins of toxicological importance (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, and aflatoxin G2). The metabolites of aflatoxin B1 and B2, which secrete into milk, are so named aflatoxin M1 and aflatoxin M2.
What is aflatoxin B1 b2 g1 g2?
2.2 Aflatoxin and Sterigmatocystin Biosynthesis. Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) are the four major aflatoxin homologues among at least 16 structurally related metabolites (Goldblatt 1969) characterized to date. Aflatoxins are produced primarily by A. flavus and A. parasiticus as well as A.
What are aflatoxins and their classification?
Aflatoxins are produced primarily by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. There are four main types of aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, and G2. Aflatoxin B1 is the major toxin produced, and is regulated in the United States at 20 ppb in agricultural products that may be used in human food.
What is aflatoxin M2?
Aflatoxin M2 is a natural oxidative metabolic product of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B2 (Item No. 11294). Like other aflatoxins, aflatoxin M2 is acutely toxic, immunosuppressive, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic.
What causes aflatoxin in milk?
When cows, sheep, goats or other ruminant animals have consumed feeds contaminated with aflatoxins B1 and B2, aflatoxins M1 and M2 will be formed as a result of the metabolic process in liver of ruminants and excreted in milk.
How do you measure aflatoxin levels?
Several methods including thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectroscopy, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), and electrochemical immunosensor, among others, have been described for detecting and quantifying aflatoxins in foods.