What does hyperandrogenism mean?
Hyperandrogenism describes excessive circulating male sex hormone (testosterone) in females and its effects on the body.
What is PCOS phenotype?
Phenotype A (full-blown syndrome PCOS: HA+OD+PCO) includes hyperandrogenism (HA) (clinical or biochemical), ovulatory dysfunction (OD), and polycystic ovaries (PCO) (HA+OD+PCO). Phenotype B (non-PCO PCOS: HA+OD) includes hyperandrogenism (HA) and ovulatory dysfunction (OD).
How does hyperandrogenism occur?
Hyperandrogenism is the defining feature of women with PCOS. It is caused by the disruption of normal ovarian or adrenal function resulting in the production of excess androgens. The first impact of androgen excess in PCOS is impaired folliculogenesis.
Which is a classic PCOS phenotype?
The classic PCOS phenotype as defined by the NIH criteria appears to display an unfavorable hormonal and metabolic profile associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors, including disorders of glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and subclinical inflammation [3.
Is hyperandrogenism genetic?
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Girls with Müllerian aplasia and hyperandrogenism do not inherit the mutation from their mother, because women with this disorder cannot have children.
What are the 4 phenotypes of PCOS?
PCOS phenotypes are currently classified as phenotype-A (HA + OD + PCOM), phenotype-B (HA + OD), phenotype-C (HA + PCOM), and phenotype-D (OD + PCOM). Phenotype-A is more common in subjects identified in clinical populations, whereas phenotype-C is more common in unselected populations.
How many types of phenotypes does PCOS recognize?
The Rotterdam and AE-PCOS Society criteria recognize at least 3 unique clinical phenotypes: (1) Frank PCOS (oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and PCO), (2) Ovulatory PCOS (hyperandrogenism, PCO, and regular menstrual cycles), and (3) Non-PCO PCOS (oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, and normal ovaries).
Are all PCOS insulin resistance?
First, insulin resistance is a common but not universal feature of PCOS, even when diagnosed using the NIH criteria (1). It is a less common finding in the additional PCOS phenotypes diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria (2). Many studies have shown that both lean and obese women with PCOS have insulin resistance (1).
What is the connection between insulin resistance and PCOS?
Women with PCOS are often insulin resistant; their bodies can make insulin but can’t use it effectively, increasing their risk for type 2 diabetes.
What do androgens do in females?
Androgens in Women In women, androgens play a key role in the hormonal cascade that kick-starts puberty, stimulating hair growth in the pubic and underarm areas. Additionally, these hormones are believed to regulate the function of many organs, including the reproductive tract, bone, kidneys, liver and muscle.
How many types of PCOS is there?
There are four types of PCOS: Insulin-resistant PCOS, Inflammatory PCOS, Hidden-cause PCOS, and Pill-induced PCOS.
What causes inflammation in PCOS?
In PCOS, a dietary trigger such as glucose is capable of inducing oxidative stress to stimulate an inflammatory response even in the absence of excess adiposity. Hyperandrogenism may be the progenitor of chronic low-grade inflammation.
What are the signs of hyperandrogenism?
What are the symptoms of hyperandrogenism?
- Oily skin (seborrhoea)
- Acne.
- Thick hair growth (hirsutism) – on the face particularly the beard and moustache area, limbs, underarm and pubic area.
- Deep voice.
- Male pattern balding.
- Irregular menstruation.
- Increased muscle mass and smaller breast size.
- Infertility.
What is hyperandrogenism in men?
Hyperandrogenism. Hyperandrogenism, also known as androgen excess, is a medical condition characterized by excessive levels of androgens (male sex hormones such as testosterone) in the female body and the associated effects of the elevated androgen levels. It is an endocrinological disorder similar to hyperestrogenism .
What is the diagnostic criteria for hyperandrogenism?
Diagnosis of hyperandrogenism: biochemical criteria Biochemical derangements in ovarian, adrenal, and peripheral androgen production and metabolism play an important role in underlying causes of hyperandrogenism.
What is hyperandrogenism in PCOS?
Hyperandrogenism is a fundamental symptom of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the leading endocrine cause of female infertility.
What causes hyperandrogenism during pregnancy?
Maternal hyperandrogenism during gestation can be due to luteomas of pregnancy, androgen secreting tumors, and exposure to exogenous androgen. The excessive maternal androgen concentrations can cause virilization of the external genitalia of 46,XX fetuses.