What are the Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions?
The Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions In response, two Protocols Additional to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1977. They strengthen the protection of victims of international (Protocol I) and non-international (Protocol II) armed conflicts and place limits on the way wars are fought.
What is protected in 1st Geneva Convention?
The Four Geneva Conventions in force today were adopted in 1949, and each Convention is designed to provide protection for a category of protected persons who do not (civilians, medical personnel) or no longer take part in the hostilities (wounded, sick and shipwrecked troops, prisoners of war).
What does Article 51 of the UN mean?
“Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.
Which additional protocol extends this protection to civilians?
Protocol I expands protection for the civilian population as well as military and civilian medical workers in international armed conflicts.
Has Iran signed the additional protocol?
Iran signed an additional protocol to its International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards agreement on Dec. 18, less than a month after the IAEA Board of Governors adopted a resolution condemning Tehran for pursuing clandestine nuclear activities.
What does the Geneva Convention forbid?
No one shall be held responsible for an act he has not committed. No one shall be subjected to physical or mental torture, corporal punishment or cruel or degrading treatment. Parties to a conflict and members of their armed forces do not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of warfare.
What is law 51A?
(i) to safeguard public property and to abjure violence; (j) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement PART V THE UNION CHAPTER I THE EXECUTIVE The President and Vice President.
What are the two Fundamental Duties as stated in Article 51A?
To uphold the sovereignty and maintain unity and integrity of the nation. To respect the democratic institutions. To protect our country and provide national services when asked to do so.
When did Additional Protocol I enter into force?
Both Protocol I and II (hereinafter “the 1977 Protocols”) were adopted by States on 8 June 1977 and entered into force on 7 December 1978.
How does Article 50/1 of Protocol I define civilians?
Article 50 of the Protocol concerns persons who have not committed hostile acts, but whose status seems doubtful because of the circumstances. They should be considered to be civilians until further information is available, and should therefore not be attacked.
What is Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions?
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. 1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection against dangers arising from military operations.
When did the Geneva Convention for the protection of war victims apply?
This Protocol, which supplements the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the protection of war victims, shall apply in the situations referred to in Article 2 common to those Conventions. 4.
How did the Geneva Conventions affect the world?
In the two decades that followed the adoption of the Geneva Conventions, the world witnessed an increase in the number of non-international armed conflicts and wars of national liberation. In response, two Protocols Additional to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1977.
What is Article 51 of the UN Convention on civilian population?
Article 51 — Protection of the civilian population. 1. The civilian population and individual civilians shall enjoy general protection against dangers arising from military operations. To give effect to this protection, the following rules, which are additional to other applicable rules of international law, shall be observed in all circumstances.
What is the additional protocol?
The Additional Protocol is not a stand-alone agreement, but rather a protocol to a safeguards agreement that provides additional tools for verification. In particular, it significantly increases the IAEA’s ability to verify the peaceful use of all nuclear material in States with comprehensive safeguards agreements.
Why has the United States not yet ratified Additional Protocol I and II?
Additional Protocol II strives to provide better protection for victims of international conflicts. The United States did not ratify Additional Protocol I because of concerns that it would undermine the humanitarian laws of war and endanger civilians by elevating the legal status of terrorist groups to combatants.
How many protocols are in the Geneva Convention?
four treaties
The Geneva Conventions are four treaties, and three additional protocols, that establish international legal standards for humanitarian treatment in war.
What does Additional Protocol II apply to?
Protocol II is applicable to a situation in which government armed forces confront armed dissident forces, such as a situation in which part of the army rises up against the government. More frequently, it applies when the regular armed forces fight against insurgents who have formed organized armed groups.
Is Additional Protocol I customary international law?
Today, the four 1949 Geneva Conventions—as well as most provisions of the 1977 Additional Protocols—have gained the status of customary international law. This means that even States that have not ratified them must abide by their rules.
Is the US a party of Additional Protocol I?
The United States is a party to the Third Additional Protocol to the 1949 Geneva Conventions relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem, but it is not a party to the 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
Why didn’t the US join UNCLOS?
The U.S. has not accepted UNCLOS because of opposition from Republicans in the Senate, where treaties must be approved by a two-thirds’ vote. Failure to act on the treaty has drawn regular critiques from U.S. President Barack Obama.
Is the Geneva Protocol still in effect?
In 1949, after the end of World War II, States adopted the Four Geneva Conventions as they exist today. These conventions remain the cornerstone of IHL—the body of rules that protect civilians and people who are no longer fighting, including wounded and sick military personnel and prisoners of war.
Is Additional Protocol II customary international law?
However, the basic core of Additional Protocol II is reflected in Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and therefore is a part of generally accepted customary law.